Monday, May 25, 2020

Russian Days of the Week Usage and Examples

The week in Russian follows the same order as the English week, beginning with Monday. Russian days of the week are never capitalized and, just like all other Russian nouns, each has either feminine, masculine, or neutral gender. They also decline based on the case they are in. Russian Word Translation Pronunciation Example Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¸Ã º masculine Monday puhnyDYEL'nik Ðâ€"Ð °Ã ²Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ° Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¸Ã º - Tomorrow is Monday. Ð ²Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ½Ã ¸Ã ºmasculine Tuesday FTORnik ÐÅ"Ã'‹ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ ¼ Ð ²Ã ¾ Ð ²Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ½Ã ¸Ã º - We will arrive on Tuesday. Ã' Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã °feminine Wednesday sryDAH Ð ¡Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã ° - Ã' Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ ´Ã ¸Ã ½Ã ° Ð ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã ¸ - Wednesday is the middle of the week. Ã'‡Ð µÃ'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ'€Ð ³masculine Thursday chitVYERK/chtVYERK Ð £ Ð ²Ã'€Ð °Ã'‡Ð ° Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã µÃ ¼ Ð ¿Ã ¾ Ã'‡Ð µÃ'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ'€Ð ³Ã °Ã ¼ - The doctor sees patients on Thursdays. Ð ¿Ã' Ã'‚Ð ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ð °feminine Friday PYATnitsuh Ð ¯ Ð ¸Ã'… Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ »Ã ° Ð ² Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ·Ã °Ã ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã'ˆÐ »Ã'Æ'Ã'Ž Ð ¿Ã' Ã'‚Ð ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ã'Æ' - I saw them on Friday before last. Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ±Ã ±Ã ¾Ã'‚Ð °feminine Saturday suBOHtuh Ð Ã °Ã ·Ã ½Ã °Ã'‡Ð µÃ ½Ã ¾ Ð ½Ã ° Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ±Ã ±Ã ¾Ã'‚Ã'Æ' - It is arranged for Saturday. Ð ²Ã ¾Ã' Ã ºÃ'€Ð µÃ' Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å'Ð µneuter Sunday vuhskrySYEN'ye Ð’ Ð ²Ã ¾Ã' Ã ºÃ'€Ð µÃ' Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å'Ð µ Ã'  Ð ²Ã'‹Ã' Ã ¿Ã »Ã'ŽÃ' Ã'Å' - I'll catch up on my sleep on Sunday. Using Prepositions With Russian Days of the Week Ð ²/Ð ²o and Ð ½Ã ° - on (Accusative Case) The preposition Ð ²/Ð ²o means on and is used to indicate that something happens on a certain day. The preposition Ð ½Ã ° also means on but is used in situations where an appointment or an event is planned for a particular day. Ð’/Ð ½Ã ° Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¸Ã º - on/for MondayÐ’Ð ¾/Ð ½Ã ° Ð ²Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ½Ã ¸Ã º - on/for TuesdayÐ’/Ð ½Ã ° Ã' Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã'Æ' - on/for WednesdayÐ’/Ð ½Ã ° Ã'‡Ð µÃ'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ'€Ð ³ - on/for ThursdayÐ’/Ð ½Ã ° Ð ¿Ã' Ã'‚Ð ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ã'Æ' - on/for FridayÐ’/Ð ½Ã ° Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ±Ã ±Ã ¾Ã'‚Ã'Æ' - on/for SaturdayÐ’/Ð ½Ã ° Ð ²Ã ¾Ã' Ã ºÃ'€Ð µÃ' Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å'Ð µ - on/for Sunday Examples: Ð’Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ'‡Ð ° Ã' Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã' Ã'  Ð ² Ã' Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã'Æ'.Pronunciation: VSTREcha sastaEETsa f suBBOtu.Translation: The meeting will take place on Wednesday. Ð’Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ'‡Ð ° Ð ½Ã °Ã ·Ã ½Ã °Ã'‡Ð µÃ ½Ã ° Ð ½Ã ° Ã' Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã'Æ'.Pronunciation: VSTREcha nazNAchyna na SRYEdu.Translation: The meeting is arranged for Wednesday. Ã' /Ã' Ã ¾ - From, Since (Genitive Case) and Ð ´Ã ¾ - Until (Genitive Case) Ð ¡/Ð ´Ã ¾ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¸Ã ºÃ ° - from / since / until MondayÐ ¡/Ð ´Ã ¾ Ð ²Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ½Ã ¸Ã ºÃ ° - from/since/until TuesdayÐ ¡/Ð ´Ã ¾ Ã' Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã'‹ - from/since/until WednesdayÐ ¡/Ð ´Ã ¾ Ã'‡Ð µÃ'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ'€Ð ³Ã ° - from/since/until ThursdayÐ ¡/Ð ´Ã ¾ Ð ¿Ã' Ã'‚Ð ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ã'‹ - from/since/until FridayÐ ¡/Ð ´Ã ¾ Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ±Ã ±Ã ¾Ã'‚Ã'‹ - from/since/until SaturdayÐ ¡/Ð ´Ã ¾ Ð ²Ã ¾Ã' Ã ºÃ'€Ð µÃ' Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å'Ã'  - from/since/until Sunday Example: ДÐ ¾ Ð ²Ã ¾Ã' Ã ºÃ'€Ð µÃ' Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å'Ã'  Ð ¿Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ´Ã ½Ã µÃ ¹.Pronunciation: da vaskrySYENya PYAT DNYEY.Translation: It is five days until Sunday. Ð ¿Ã ¾ - Until, Including (Accusative Case) ПÐ ¾ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¸Ã º - until/including/to MondayПÐ ¾ Ð ²Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ½Ã ¸Ã º - until/including TuesdayПÐ ¾ Ã' Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã'Æ' - until/including WednesdayПÐ ¾ Ã'‡Ð µÃ'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ'€Ð ³ - until/including ThursdayПÐ ¾ Ð ¿Ã' Ã'‚Ð ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ã'Æ' - until/including FridayПÐ ¾ Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ±Ã ±Ã ¾Ã'‚Ã'Æ' - until/including SaturdayПÐ ¾ Ð ²Ã ¾Ã' Ã ºÃ'€Ð µÃ' Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å'Ð µ - until/including Sunday Example: Ð ¡ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¸Ã ºÃ ° Ð ¿Ã ¾ Ð ¿Ã' Ã'‚Ð ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ã'Æ' Ã'  Ã'…Ð ¾Ã ¶Ã'Æ' Ð ½Ã ° Ã'€Ð °Ã ±Ã ¾Ã'‚Ã'Æ'.Pronunciation: s panyDYELnika pa PYATnicu ya haZHOO na raBOtuTranslation: From Monday to Friday I go to work. Ð ¿Ã ¾ - on (Plural, Dative Case) ПÐ ¾ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¸Ã ºÃ °Ã ¼ - on MondaysПÐ ¾ Ð ²Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ½Ã ¸Ã ºÃ °Ã ¼ - on TuesdaysПÐ ¾ Ã' Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã °Ã ¼ - on WednesdaysПÐ ¾ Ã'‡Ð µÃ'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ'€Ð ³Ã °Ã ¼ - on ThursdaysПÐ ¾ Ð ¿Ã' Ã'‚Ð ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ð °Ã ¼ - on FridaysПÐ ¾ Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ±Ã ±Ã ¾Ã'‚Ð °Ã ¼ - on SaturdaysПÐ ¾ Ð ²Ã ¾Ã' Ã ºÃ'€Ð µÃ' Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å'Ã' Ã ¼ - on Sundays Example: ПÐ ¾ Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ±Ã ±Ã ¾Ã'‚Ð °Ã ¼ Ð ¾Ã ½Ã ¸ Ð »Ã'ŽÐ ±Ã ¸Ã »Ã ¸ Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¿Ã ¾ Ð ³Ã ¾Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã'Æ'.Pronunciation: pa suBBOtam aNEE lyuBEEli gooLYAT pa GOradu.Translation: On Saturdays, they liked to go walking around the city. Abbreviations Russian days of the week are often shortened in writing (such as calendars or diaries) using the following abbreviations: ПÐ ½ - MondayÐ’Ã'‚ - TuesdayÐ ¡Ã'€ - WednesdayÐ §Ã'‚ - ThursdayПÃ'‚  - FridayÐ ¡Ã ± - SaturdayÐ’Ã'  - Sunday Russian Vocabulary for Scheduling and Planning Russian Word Translation Pronunciation Example Ð ¡Ã µÃ ³Ã ¾Ã ´Ã ½Ã'  Today syVODnya Ð ¡Ã µÃ ³Ã ¾Ã ´Ã ½Ã'  Ð ²Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ½Ã ¸Ã º - Today is Tuesday. Ðâ€"Ð °Ã ²Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ° Tomorrow ZAVTruh ДÐ ¾ Ð ·Ã °Ã ²Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ° - Until tomorrow./See you tomorrow. Ð’Ã'‡Ð µÃ'€Ð ° Yesterday fchyeRAH Ð’Ã'‡Ð µÃ'€Ð ° Ã'ˆÐ µÃ » Ã' Ã ½Ã µÃ ³ - Yesterday it snowed. Ð Ã °(Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ¹) Ð ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã µ During the week na (Etay) nyDYEly Ðâ€"Ð °Ã ¹Ã ´Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µ Ð ½Ã ° (Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ¹) Ð ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã µ - Pop in this week. Ð Ã ° Ã' Ã »Ã µÃ ´Ã'Æ'Ã'ŽÃ'‰Ð µÃ ¹ Ð ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã µ Next week na SLYEdushey nyDYEly Ð ¯ Ã'Æ'Ð µÃ ·Ã ¶Ã °Ã'Ž Ð ½Ã ° Ã' Ã »Ã µÃ ´Ã'Æ'Ã'ŽÃ'‰Ð µÃ ¹ Ð ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã µ (ya ooyezZHAyu na SLYEdushey nyDYEly) - I am leaving next week. Ð Ã ° Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã'ˆÐ »Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã µ Last week na PROSHlay nyDYEly Ð’Ã' Ã µ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ¾Ã'ˆÐ »Ã ¾ Ð ½Ã ° Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã'ˆÐ »Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã µ - It all happened last week. ПÐ ¾Ã ·Ã °Ã ²Ã'‡Ð µÃ'€Ð ° Day before yesterday puhzafchyRAH ПÐ ¾Ã ·Ã °Ã ²Ã'‡Ð µÃ'€Ð ° Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã'Æ'Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã »Ã ¸ Ã' Ã ¾Ã ¾Ã ±Ã'‰Ð µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ - We received a message the day before yesterday. ПÐ ¾Ã' Ã »Ã µÃ ·Ã °Ã ²Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ° The day after tomorrow POSlyZAVTruh ПÐ ¾Ã' Ã »Ã µÃ ·Ã °Ã ²Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ° Ð ½Ã °Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã ½Ã °Ã'ŽÃ'‚Ã' Ã'  Ð ºÃ °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ºÃ'Æ'Ð »Ã'‹ - School holidays begin the day after tomorrow. Ð §Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ · Ð ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã'Ž After a week/a week from CHYEryz nyDYElyu Ð £Ã ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ ¼Ã' Ã'  Ã'‡Ð µÃ'€Ð µÃ · Ð ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã'Ž - We'll see each other next week/see you next week. Ð §Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ · Ð ´Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å' Every other day CHYEryz DYEN' ПÃ'€Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð »Ã µÃ ºÃ °Ã'€Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾ Ã'‡Ð µÃ'€Ð µÃ · Ð ´Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å' - Take the medicine every other day. Ð §Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ · Ð ¼Ã µÃ' Ã' Ã'† In a month's time CHYEryz MYEsyts Ð §Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ · Ð ¼Ã µÃ' Ã' Ã'† Ð ½Ã °Ã'‡Ð °Ã »Ã' Ã'  Ã'€Ð µÃ ¼Ã ¾Ã ½Ã'‚ - The renovations began a month later.

Tuesday, May 19, 2020

The Coca-Cola Company - Standardisation Adaptation

Abstract The Coca-Cola Company is the world’s leading beverage company, with markets in over 200 countries and over 1,100 brands under their portfolio. The company was founded in 1886 and is currently headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. This paper seeks to explain the impact of globalization on the standardization versus adaptation decision using examples from the Coca-Cola Company’s performance and strategies since their inception as a company. Introduction Globalisation can be defined as the movement toward economic, financial, trade, and communications integration by countries and their populations globally. It is a constant process and it has resulted in the intertwining and generalisation of the needs and wants of people†¦show more content†¦Thus it can be inferred that the company has kept its core concepts standardised while only adapting a regional touch on the peripheries, thus saving costs and reinforcing brand equity. Coca-Cola has been estimated to have saved $90 million in production costs over 20 years by producing worldwide commercials focused on similar themes (Onkvisit Shaw, 1990). Coca Cola’s international achievement can be attributed to numerous of things, but in order to think globally one must first think locally. This is the main message that Coca Cola Company place huge emphasis on whenever they are entering a country. (Miller) Coca Cola has formatted its approach strategically using a tactical method, this is done to provide the appropriate marketing activities and beverage to its customers. As part of Coca Cola vision to taste the same around the world, they have chosen to standardize its product and manufacturing process. In Trinidad and Tobago the local name for Coca Cola is â€Å"Coke†. From the perspective of consumers the key conceptual categories are not the flavours and colas that marketer hold in high regard, but what we refer to locally as the ‘black’ sweet drink. (Miller) Trinbagonian’s are particularly fond of sugar and sweet products this is linked to the days of the sugar cane field. Coke came into Tr inidad in 1939, while under the British Government. (Miller)Show MoreRelatedStandardisation Versus Adaptation in a Globalisation Context2468 Words   |  10 PagesStandardisation versus Adaptation in a Globalisation context Challenge This is the challenge facing primarily multinational firms whether to standardise their local offering or adapt/localise it for the market they are selling into. According to De Wit and Meyer (2010), the question facing managers is whether they should anticipate and encourage global convergence by emphasising global standardisation, centralisation and coordination or should managers acknowledge and exploit international diversityRead MoreThe International Marketer Of Overseas Markets1383 Words   |  6 Pagesoverseas markets. Thus, those companies always use original marketing communication strategy in overseas markets (Heslop et al, 1993). At the same time, standardising communication in overseas markets has lots of advantages. To begin with, Backhaus and van Doorn (2007) claim that â€Å"standardisation is a trade-off between the possible economic benefits of a standardised approach’’ (Denetrs, 2009). Depending on unifying marketing communication around the world, companies can gain overall economies ofRead MoreInternational Marketing Plan for Coca-Cola Company7276 Words   |  30 PagesIntroduction This assessment report is based on the International Marketing Plan that conducts to introduce global firm, Coca-Cola Company into Malaysia market. The report is consisting of four aspects which covered company profile, marketing mix, marketing plan, and implementation and control. 1.1.0 Company Background Coca-Cola Company is the well known and world’s leading beverage company. 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Each has its own pros cons but to choose the right is a tough choice to makeRead MoreCoca-Cola: International Business Strategy for Globalization10128 Words   |  41 PagesInternational Trade Academic Research Conference (ITARC ), 7 – 8th November, 2012, London.UK. COCA-COLA: International Business Strategy for Globalization Michael Ba Banutu-Gomez William G. Rohrer College of Business, Rowan University, USA Key Words International Differentiation Strategy, Global Strategy, International Marketing Strategy, Culture in International Marketing Strategy, Coca-Cola Strategy, International Distribution Strategy, Choosing Distributors and Channels, The Challenge of DistributionRead MoreAnalyze the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using a Global Brand Name2797 Words   |  12 Pagesnon-essential attributes and they are a source of business’s differential advantage. When the company exports a product label, it has the choice between using: specific brands in each market (local brands), or a single brand for all its foreign markets (global brand). The decision between these two alternatives, which each have their advantages and drawbacks is related to the choice between standardization and adaptation of brands in foreign markets and the desire to associate a local image or a foreign imageRead MoreStandardisation and Adaptation Within International Marketing Context24708 Words   |  99 PagesTHE UNIVERSITY OF HULL Integration of Standardisation and Adaptation Marketing Mix Strategy Reference to Shiseido Company in UK and China Being a Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Business Administration (General) in the University of Hull by Ai Jun Hou , BA (Honours) (April 20, 2001) Acknowledgement This dissertation reflects the contribution and insights of many people. I shall take the opportunity to thank the followingRead MoreA Key Challenge for International Marketers Is to Develop a Good Understanding of the International Business Environment. Identify the Key Environmental Actors That Are of Importance to the Success of International1387 Words   |  6 Pagesenvironmental factors that a company must consider when operating outside its domestic market which have a significant impact on international marketing decisions and are imperative for success. The key environmental factors are outlined below: Doole and Lowe (2004) stated the key problem faced by international marketers is dealing successfully with the multi-dimensionality and complexities of the international environment. By understanding the environment, companies can implement a successful marketing

Friday, May 15, 2020

Literary Analysis Animal Farm - 1050 Words

Literary Analysis Mollie In Animal Farm there are many controversial figures who also have interesting connections to the Russian revolution. Mollie is among these controversial members of the mythical animal run society. She has connections to the rich prissy people in Russia that when the revolution took place who immediately looked for an easy way out as soon as they had to do work to earn their due. In Orwell’s Animal Farm Mollie is vain, selfish, and did not care about the revolution leaving before the action. Mollie has never been all that committed of a character on the farm. Often caring more about her sugar and bows then what work she needed to do for Mr. Jones. As time went on, and the revolution took place, there is little to no change in how she acts, still feeling an obsession for the lavish things that comes with being a pet brings. The first time it is apparent that Mollie is still attached to the lavish things is when in Orwell’s Animal Farm is on page 2 2-23 â€Å"They were just coming down the stairs when Mollie was discovered to be missing. Going back, the others found that she remained behind in the best bedroom she had taken a piece of blue ribbon from Mrs. Jones’s dressing table, and was holding it against her shoulder and admiring herself in the glass in a very silly manner. The others reproached her sharply, and they went outside.† She is obviously at this point still not willing to commit for the greater cause of the farm. Will she ever come around andShow MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis Of Animal Farm1614 Words   |  7 Pagesperspective. Recognizing these patterns in literary works can enable a reader to understand a dense text that they would ordinarily find troubling. George Orwell’s Animal Farm is an emblematic novel that reflects the events leading to the Russian Revolution, on the surface level. Understanding the symbols and patterns in both literary works and history allowed me to apply an even deeper meaning to the book. Animal Farm involves a rebellion of the animals against the oppressive force, the farmerRead MoreAnimal Farm Literary Analysis710 Words   |  3 PagesGeorge Orwell, a writer of many novels and other literature, one of his most known is Animal Farm.This book is where Orwell’s political style as well as other techniques he used in his writing were used most. Animal Farm is about farm animals who are being neglected by their owner, and they decides to overthrow him and take control of their farm. However, that is only the the outer layer of the story, looking under the surface, this is an allegory detailing the Russian Revolution. The author wroteRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Animal Farm By George Orwell1310 Words   |  6 PagesLiterary Analysis of Animal Farm Although they claimed the farm to be a utopia, the pigs secretly were deceiving their fellow animals and turning the farm into a dystopia. In George Orwell s Animal Farm all of the animals are mistreated by Farmer Jones, but they wish to be treated as equals and live in a utopia so they rebel and take over the farm. The animals first write commandments to avoid chaos, but the leader pigs selfishly modify the commandments in their favor. In the end, the farm isRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Animal Farm By George Orwell1460 Words   |  6 PagesLiterary Analysis of Animal Farm A quote from Wayne Dyer, a late American author and motivational speaker, says that â€Å"[f]reedom means you are unobstructed in living your life as you choose. Anything less is a form of slavery.† This promotes the idea that ultimate freedom to control one’s life is the only way to live. One way to achieve this freedom, if not given, is to stage a revolution against authority. In Animal Farm, a novel by George Orwell, parallels are drawn between his characters and theRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Animal Farm By George Orwell1405 Words   |  6 PagesLiterary analysis of Animal Farm The rebellion was to escape from people and their cruel ways, but can they escape the death-grip of their own kind? The animals of animal farms are mistreated and have no rights. Mr and Mrs. Jones were the owners of Manor Farm, the human oppressors, and authoritarians of the animals. The animals rebel against the Jones and take over the farm. They create a utopian society for themselves, but the utopia quickly turns into a dystopia when the pigs take control ofRead MoreAnimal Farm And Fahrenheit 451 Literary Analysis811 Words   |  4 PagesNegroes were being discriminated against. 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During the course of the literary piece by George Orwell makes it clear how the animals are mistreated by â€Å"Mr. Jones â€Å", because of this treatment they are receiving; OldRead MoreAnimal Farm Paradox Analysis1013 Words   |  5 PagesPublished Sample Analysis: In this part in Animal Farm, the pigs wish to enact rules that will benefit them at the expense of the other animals on the farm. In one of their rules, a paradox is created whose function is to expose the truth that despite governments claiming to treat everyone equally, they tend to favor certain groups over others. The paradox is created through the statement that some are more equal than others, which is a contradicting statement because if some are more equal thanRead MoreAnimal Farm Film Analysis838 Words   |  4 Pages This essay is a comparative analysis between the film and novel, Animal Farm. Animal Farm was written by George Orwell in 1943 and published on the 17th of August 1945. A motion picture of the novel was later produced on the 29th of December 1954 by director Joy Bachelor. There are many differences and similarities between the novel and film involving the use of characters, symbolism, themes, dialogue and events. Animal farm was a successful novel as the length was 112 pages, therefore the movieRead MoreComparision of The Chrysalids and Animal Farm Essay2185 Words   |  9 PagesChrysalids and Animal Farm, which will be compared and contrasted in the following essay, demonstrating the fact that they both target the general audience and not one particular group of readers. The comparison between both novels will be done via the contrast of specific literary elements such as the plot and the moods of the novels, the point of view of the narration and the style of the author, and also via the themes the authors try to convey to their audience through their literary work. It

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee - 1052 Words

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee takes place in Maycomb County, Alabama in the late 30s early 40s , after the great depression when poverty and unemployment were widespread throughout the United States. Why is the preconception of racism, discrimination, and antagonism so highly related to some of the characters in this book? People often have a preconceived idea or are biased about one’s decision to live, dress, or talk. Throughout To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee examines the preconception of Scouts teacher saying Atticus is teaching her wrong, Aunt Alexandra having views that are discriminating, and Tom Robinson not having a fair trial because of his race. Scouts teacher gets upset with her after Miss Caroline figures out she’s literate and Scout makes it worse by antagonising Miss Caroline by trying to explain things to her. â€Å"Teach me?† I said in surprise. â€Å"He hasn t taught me anything, Miss Caroline. Atticus ain t got time to teach me anythi ng†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"If he didn t teach you, who did?† Miss Caroline asked good-naturedly. â€Å"Somebody did. You weren t born reading The Mobile Register†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Miss Caroline apparently though I was lying. â€Å"Lets not let our imaginations run away with us, dear,† she said. â€Å"Now tell your father not to teach you any more. Its best to begin reading with a fresh mind. You tell him i ll take over from here and try to undo the damage.† â€Å"ma’am?† â€Å"Your father does not know how to teach. you can have a seat now.† (Lee 22) Scout s teacher Miss CarolineShow MoreRelatedKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1049 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird: How a Story could be based on True Events in Everyday LifeDaisy GaskinsCoastal Pines Technical Collegeâ€Æ'Harper Lee was born in Monroeville, Alabama. Her father was a former newspaper editor and proprietor, who had served as a state senator and practiced as a lawyer in M onroeville. Also Finch was known as the maiden name of Lee’s mother. With that being said Harper Lee became a writer like her father, but she became a American writer, famous for her race relations novel â€Å"ToRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee1000 Words   |  4 Pagesworld-wide recognition to the many faces of prejudice is an accomplishment of its own. Author Harper Lee has had the honor to accomplish just that through her novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, a moving and inspirational story about a young girl learning the difference between the good and the bad of the world. In the small town of Monroeville, Alabama, Nelle Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926. Growing up, Harper Lee had three siblings: two sisters and an older brother. She and her siblings grew up modestlyRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1290 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lee published To Kill a Mockingbird during a rough period in American history, also known as the Civil Rights Movement. 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Scout Finch, the main character of Lees Novel, To Kill a Mockinbird, was also a tomboy. Many aspects of To Kill a Mockingbird are autobiographical (Castleman 3). Harper Lees parents were Amasa Coleman Lee and Frances Finch Lee. She was the youngestRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1695 Words   |  7 PagesIn To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee presents as a ‘tired old town’ where the inhabitants have ‘nowhere to go’ it is set in the 1930s when prejudices and racism were at a peak. Lee uses Maycomb town to highlight prejudices, racism, poverty and social inequality. In chapter 2 Lee presents the town of Maycomb to be poverty stricken, emphasised through the characterisation of Walter Cunningham. When it is discovered he has no lunch on the first day of school, Scout tries to explain the situation to MissRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1876 Words   |  8 PagesThough Harper Lee only published two novels, her accomplishments are abundant. 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The protagonist, Scout Finch,Read MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1656 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Mockingbirds don’t do any harm but make music for us †¦ that’s why it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird†, is a famous quote from the book To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Atticus, the father of the main character Scout, says this to her and her brother Jem when they receive rifles for Christmas. This book is considered a classic due to the allegory between the book title and the trial that occurs about halfway through the book. In the beginning of To Kill a Mockingbird, Scout is six. She is an innocent

William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet - 1620 Words

One of the major themes in Romeo and Juliet is Love and its difficulties. Shakespeare tends to use this often in his plays and verses to create many emotions an effects. The relations and comparisons between the Acts/scenes and sonnets (18,129,36,29) in the play are studied in detail to understand Love and its difficulties. Shakespeare shows us how Love and relationships can change depending on situations by using the sonnets/ scenes and different language /imagery. This play was written during the Elizabethan era and this gives us an insight of what things were like in such a patriarchal society. Difficulties of love and lovers in Romeo and Juliet can be explored and presented in many different ways. During Act 5, Scene 1, we know that Romeo is confused about his feelings for Rosaline and is in love with the idea of being in love. When Romeo meets Juliet in this scene, he is completely smitten by her and feels the need to constantly be around her. An example of this is ‘Oh, she doth teach the torches to burn bright!’. Romeo is expressing how beautiful she is and how she shines brighter than a torches flame. This scene also uses many religious connotations relating to love. For example ‘good pilgrim’ and ‘holy palmers’ kiss’. Also, in this scene, Romeo says ‘Like a rich jewel in an Ethiope’s ear’. Romeo expresses that Juliet stands out to him unlike all of the other girls he has been with. Romeo is referring to Juliet as a precious jewel and feels the need to possess herShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Rome o And Juliet1287 Words   |  6 PagesLizzy Baginski English Composition 2 Mr. Spera March 10, 2015 Romeo and Juliet Research Paper The movie Romeo and Juliet is a modern classic film that took place in 1996. Overall this is a timeless story that everyone should go and watch. This movie has an intriguing plot line that tells the story of two feuding families, The Montagues and The Capulets, and how the children of these two different families fall in love. The two children overcome various obstacles such as hiding their chemistry fromRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet 966 Words   |  4 Pages Beauty Over Gold â€Å"Beauty provoketh thieves sooner than gold.--William Shakespeare, 1623. In his book As You Like It, William Shakespeare pointed out the supremacy of love rather than the want of gold and wealth. Truly, beauty is more important to thieves than wealth. Many of the thieves in this world would rather have an elegant woman than to obtain precious rubies. After all, what good is a prosperous man if he doesn’t have a charming woman? 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It was among Shakespeare s most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. Its plot is based onRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet861 Words   |  4 Pagesgreatly shown in the play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. It was love at first sight with Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet. Meeting at a party and falling in love to get married without even spending quality time with each other. Romeo and Juliet couldn t tell there parents because the Capulets and Montagues are long term rivals. Both Romeo and Juliet had to find different ways and excuses to make this marriage work. A big problem was developed. Romeo kills Juliet s cousin and is banishedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1770 Words   |  8 Pagesof Romeo and Juliet. 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Humanitarian and Communities Studies

Question: Discuss about theHumanitarian and Communities Studies. Answer: Introduction Grief may be defined as the response of a survivor to the loss of loved ones. Grief and bereavement are an inevitable part of human lives. The grief that an individual experiences is unique and incomparable. However, the pain caused due to the loss of a loved one is similar to the pain caused due to a burn. George Engels compares the psychological trauma to the physiological one. The grief person experiences can be considered a departure from the state of well-being. The intensity of pain depends on the nature of the relationship. A person may experience numerous kind and amount of grief during one's lifetime. It is during the old age that bereavement and grief occur more frequently. Older people endure the loss of relatives, former colleagues, husband, or wife, or other elderly friends. Loss of near and dear ones creates a stressful event and creates an emotional crisis. Bereavement increases the desire of death. Seeing loss of friends and relatives, one may feel deprived of death. The process of grieving is often an isolating and alienating process. It is during the death of a person that one feels completely disconnected with the outside world. It is expected that the mourner would try to relate his/her grief with someone else and try to measure the scale and extent. It is often seen that the distress is not only about the loss but also about the response that they experience. The grief gets magnified by the replies that people get from their family, friends, relatives, heath care practitioners, and co-workers. Some people think of going to counselors. Counselors try to normalize and suppress grief as bereavement in elderly people may lead to psychological illness like depression (Bowlby, 1977). While some people can cope up with the grief, some are not. The intensity and response of bereavement differ from person to person. Grief and bereavement may affect the physical as well as mental health conditions. It may lead to cognitive and communicative difficult ies. It reduces social support, changes lifestyles, and living standards, and also leads to financial hardship. Hence, it is imperative that grief related depressions must be identified in its earliest stage. It is crucial that friends and family form the life support system of the elderly person at this critical juncture. It is the role of the children to provide emotional support and better health facilities (Betz Thorngren, 2006). Senior citizens undergo a lot of bereavement in the later stages of their life. The greatest emotional blow that an older person may face is the loss of life partner. It is the partner on which people are most dependent during their last stages of life. Loss of partner at this stage may lead to mental instability and other health problems. People respond differently to loss based on internal and external factors. Grief and bereavement are shaped not only by the social and cultural context but also by the nature of the relationship between the deceased and the mourner (Bowlby, 1977). In the western society, though not explicit, there are several rules regarding grief and bereavement which are widely recognized. Such social rules determine who has the privilege of exemption from responsibilities and roles. The privileges are conditioned and granted by the authoritative figure such as a political head or a physician. According to Doka, the social rules of grieving is defined as A set of norms that attempt to determine who, when, where, how long, and for whom people should grieve (Burke Neimeyer, 2013). Many unwritten set standards in the western society describe grief. Violation of any of the set patterns may have a profound impact upon the individual who is bereaved. With the growth and advancement of technology, human beings are living for longer years. With the increase in the number of elderly people, one would find a lot of seniors who experience grief and bereavement due to loss of their spouse. Studies show that "widowhood affects three out of four women. In 1998 there were 7.8 million widowed women age 65 and older in the United States, and 1.5 million widowed elderly men (Worden, 2009). Elderly people often undergo disenfranchised grief, that is, grief not recognized by society. The grief is not recognized as people consider elderly death to be a part and parcel of life. Elderly death may be acceptable to family, friends, and relatives; it is a severe loss to the spouse who was exceedingly dependent on him/her. The grief of an individual is shaped widely by social experiences. However, the nature of the relationship between elderly people determines the extent of grief largely. The mourner passes through several stages of grief. These stages are depression, denial, acceptance, anger, and bargaining. The grief of a person begins once he/she endorses the loss and then express emotions. A bereaved person may experience a heightened sense of vulnerability (Green Grant, 2008). The mourning, bereavement, and grief of a person depend on several mediators such as the relation of the individual, the person itself, the nature of attachment, the manner the person died, proximity, unexpectedness, and suddenness among others. The nature of attachment is one of the essential mediators of grieving. The strength of the attachment with the deceased determines the intensity of grief. The more intense is the love and affection, the more intense is the grief. It also depends on the sense of security between the individuals. If the deceased were essential for the well-being of the survivor, the grief would be more. If the self-esteem of the survivor depended on the lost person, the widow is bound to experience a greater sense of his/her loss of self-esteem. The grief reaction shall be more difficult in such a situation. The feeling of security and self-esteem is very much dependent on their spouses for many individuals (Ghesquiere et al., 2015). However, after the loss of the spouse, the requirements remain the same, but the resources go missing. The ambivalence and closeness between persons in a relationship are also key determinants. There is always a degree of ambivalence in a close relationship. Though a person may love another one, there would always remain a coexistence of negative feelings. The grief reaction would be more where there is an equal coexistence of both positive and negative emotions. In a highly ambivalent relationship, the death of one person results in a tremendous sense of guilt and anger for being left alone(Galatzer-Levy Bonanno, 2012). There would always be conflicts in a relationship. In some relationships, the conflict is to a large extent and in some it is low. The conflict in a relationship affects the psychology of the survivor. This conflict is not merely the conflict during death but in the entire lifetime. The conflicts may arise from physical or sexual abuse in the past. An unresolved conflict would lead to guilt after death. The effect may be so much that the survivor may need counseling (Harris, 2010). A person may suffer from adaptation problems if the survivor is too much dependent on the deceased for daily chores such as preparing meals, paying bills, and driving. The survivor would feel vacant after the death of the spouse. However, a person less dependent would suffer less regarding daily activities. The amount and extent of bereavement in elderly people is dependent on several other factors. If a couple is married for a long time, it will result in deep attachments. The couple would be interdependent and entrenched to family roles. The death of the partner would affect the spouse deeply. The person who would be living would find it difficult to cope with the loss and adjust himself/herself to the situation. High interdependence on each other for certain activities would make adjustment for the living one difficult (Ingham et al., 2016). The bereaved may find himself/herself turning to someone who does not exist. The grief does follow any pattern or trajectory. While some may experience depression or anxiety, others may have euphoria. Some reactions include aimless wandering or insomnia. In such a situation, it is essential to take care of elders and make efforts to consider and understand the manifestations of grief. It is the responsibility of others to treat individual experie nce with respect (Klass et al., 2014). Bereavement is a very natural part of a person's life. It may have a cathartic effect. However, the subsequent period of elongated grief may prove to be harmful and may have long term consequences. A person may undergo various stages of grief namely, the acute or normal grief which is a normal reaction to the loss of the dead one. People may feel the need for isolation and alienation following the period of death. The middle stage involves longing and anxiety for the dead. In this stage, the person realizes the loss of the loved one. The person may find it hard to get support (Lindemann, 1976). People gather for funeral but soon move away to their lives leaving the bereaved person alone. In such a situation, it is not advisable to rush a person through grief as it may lead to further isolation and distress. Discussing the feelings and emotions in such a condition is essential. A person may also experience bouts of grief and emotion frequently. They may suffer a wave like grief pattern shortly after the loss. Family and friends must understand and sympathize the elders during such triggers. These waves are natural progressions in the grieving period and help the person feel in control with the emotions. Ignoring the feelings of a bereaved person or judging him/her may be detrimental (Naef et al., 2013). It is expected of an elderly person to restore his/her life after the death of the spouse. It may be an easy demand on the part of someone who is not sufferer but tough for the person who is facing the loss of a person with whom he/she has existed for so many decades. It is expected that the survivor would continue his/her everyday errand without the partner. Mary Pipher says that Its a miracle that people survive the losses of their mates. There are so many widows and widowers, and we tend to underestimate the magnitude of each tragedy. In our country we expect people to recover from grief quickly" (Parkes, 2013). While some people tend to live on the remaining life without their spouses, some are unable to do so. Individuals experience complicated grief when the process of acute grief manifests into lingering or more severe symptoms (Payne, 2005). Complicated grief is, in fact, a system that does not allow a person to accept the loss of the loved ones and resume normal day to day activities of life. Complicated grief is very much similar to acute grief but the persistence of symptoms is longer than the acute grief. Complicated grief may result in unacceptance of the loss of the loved one and intense, unbearable yearning for him/her. However, the list of sufferings and endurance may vary from person to person. Some of the criteria include inability of the person to trust others and confusion about his/her role in life. Individuals suffering from complicated grief are unable to handle the waves of grief. Elders fail to recover from such grief. However, there are significant differences between complicated grief and depression. For instance, a person suffering from complicated grief may pine for the loved ones and be even stunned because of the loss. Generalized depression lacks this pining and stunning. It is also different from posttraumatic stress as it also lacks stunning and pining for the loss (Parkes, 2013). Research shows that bereaved elderly people tend to live alone after the loss of their partners. While younger widowers and widows tend to move, the older ones remain in the same home they once lived. Living alone may be detrimental for it may arouse intense feelings and emotions. The physical surroundings shared by the couple would stimulate the memories and increase the sense of loneliness thereby leading to a sense of greater loss. Elderly people who had shared a harmonious marriage would be the greater sufferers. On the other hand, there are some who are unable to live alone after the loss and hence need familial and institutional care (Miles et al., 2016). Elderly people who are forced to leave their homes after the loss of their spouse may be at a higher risk of mortality. The loss of spouse and its effects are different for men and women. A man may face greater disruptions and difficulties than a woman. Men are more likely to face new roles; for instance, the role of a homemaker. It becomes difficult for the person to adapt the character without the partner. On the other hand, it is seen that the level of difficulty and disruption is not the same as she is more self-reliant and able to fit into the role of a homemaker. Counseling interventions may be helpful for the bereaved elderly (Harris, 2010). A significant change that a person especially, a widow would suffer the loss of husband is a radical shift in identity. It is more so in case of a woman as the identity of the wife rests on the husband. The survivor may often suffer practical and financial issues. The lifestyle undergoes a drastic change. Women realize and try to understand the financial responsibilities and men try to adapt the roles traditionally belonging to women. Such a threat and change in the identity of a person may lead to psychological distress. Also, changes occur in the use of spaces- both public and private (Green Grant, 2008). It is harder for elderly people to cope with the loss of spouse as the years spent with the partner are more compared to an adult. Old persons face severe health issues. They are more interdependent and hence their grief gets heightened. The spouse forms the emotional and other support systems. Loss of this crucial support system would naturally leave lasting effects. Loss of partner results in more struggle in life and dramatic change (Worden, 2009). The case of LGBT individuals, the sense of loss and bereavement is more compared to others as the couples of LGBT face stigmatization and marginalization from the society. They are more vulnerable to psychological trauma post the death of spouse as such couples are highly interdependent. They are already sufferers of sexual prejudice. They lack the support of institutions and heteronormative culture. In such a scenario in which the person is deemed a minor, it is imperative that the person would suffer from more severe psychological traumas. Institutions and doctors may be reluctant to help such individuals. They may receive unsympathetic responses from the society and thus the grief may be internalized and re-traumatized (Green Grant, 2008). There are many therapeutic techniques to resolve the problem of stress and trauma due to loss of dear and near ones. Reminiscing can be a useful technique to stimulate and breathe life in the elderly adults. Also called life review, reminiscing is a process that occurs naturally. It brings progressiveness in the life of the person. It brings backs the consciousness of past experiences and a resurgence of unresolved conflicts. The process of reminiscence serves the function of adaptation. Siblings and family members can act as the principal source as they are the ones who have seen the most of the person. Also, reminiscence is a way to retain the identity of the individual. Even though physically the person may not be present, the deceased is always present mentally. Reworking the past of the bereaved may have a salutary effect (Bowlby, 1977). Since much of the life experienced with the spouse is internalized by the survivor, he/she never truly loses the deceased mentally. The importa nce of continuing bonds has been recognized widely in the recent years. It is very much possible for an elderly person to be too much dependent on the children. They may see their children as a mode of survival after the death of their spouse. In such a scenario, their children can work wonders in developing new skills. This would benefit the elderly adults in mastering their self-esteem as well. It is important to make the person realize that he/she must not be dependent on someone else, even their children for little things like going to the market or calling the electrician or plumber for repairing. Such activities were earlier done by the husband (Burke Neimeyer, 2013). But after his death, the widow must learn to handle such day to day activities. She may also feel good about developing the personal skills. However, this adjustment may need some time, and it is essential to give the person some time. In a case where the bereaved elderly had been the primary caretaker of a sick spouse, it is seen that the stressful situation was stronger before the death than after it. Thus, it is not proper to always consider a death stressful. The death of a person suffering due to a severe traumatic disease may be a relief factor for the partner. Surely it would bring some emotional pain, but mostly, it would not create a stressful situation. In some cases, the process of bereavement may take a bit longer time and at times it may not have even an end point. Some may have a timeless attachment with the deceased. Some may be at a stage in which they may find the consolidation of their memories as the best option. They may draw sustenance from the memories for the remaining years of their lives (Worden, 2009). It may be possible that all the family members are not willing to come for the counseling sessions. In such a situation, the counselor must try to bring the entire family together for the sessions. It would be easier for the counselor then to assess the problems and work more efficiently. The counselor would be able to get an idea of how the family works as a unit and then give his/her recommendations. It is important that the approach of the counselor is that of a familial system. An assessment of the feelings of all the members of the family would ensure a greater probability of the effectiveness and equilibrium in the mind of the bereaved and the family members as well. To help the bereaved, it is essential that the loss and grief are acknowledged. Continual engagement with the deceased partner may be a source of support for the surviving partner. Hence, it is important not to force a person to stop mourning the loss of the partner. Dreams and memories may be a token of remembrance to the deceased. However, if the bereavement exceeds too much and the person undergoes mental illness, it is imperative that he/she is taken to a therapist so that the suffering is reduced as early as possible. While most people overcome their grief, there are numerous cases where the grief becomes complicated and prolonged. It is essential to ameliorate this hopelessness and make the life of the elderly happy and stress-free. References Almack, K., Smith, T., Moss, B. (2015). Research and policy about end of life care for LGBT people in the UK.Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Trans Health Inequalities: International Perspectives in Social Work, 173. Betz, G., Thorngren, J. M. (2006). Ambiguous loss and the family grieving process.The Family Journal,14(4), 359-365. Bowlby, J. (1977). The making and breaking of affectional bonds. II. Some principles of psychotherapy. The fiftieth Maudsley Lecture.The British Journal of Psychiatry,130(5), 421-431. Burke, L. A., Neimeyer, R. A. (2013). 11 Prospective risk factors for complicated grief.Complicated grief: Scientific foundations for health care professionals, 145. Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Bonanno, G. A. (2012). Beyond normality in the study of bereavement: Heterogeneity in depression outcomes following loss in older adults.Social Science Medicine,74(12), 1987-1994. Ghesquiere, A. R., Bazelais, K. N., Berman, J., Greenberg, R. L., Kaplan, D., Bruce, M. L. (2015). Associations Between Recent Bereavement and Psychological and Financial Burden in Homebound Older Adults.OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 0030222815590709. Green, L., Grant, V. (2008). Gagged grief and beleaguered bereavements?'An analysis of multidisciplinary theory and research relating to same sex partnership bereavement.Sexualities,11(3), 275-300. Harris, D. (2010). Oppression of the bereaved: A critical analysis of grief in western society.OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying,60(3), 241-253. Ingham, C. F., Eccles, F. J., Armitage, J. R., Murray, C. D. (2016). Same-sex partner bereavement in older women: an interpretative phenomenological analysis.Aging mental health, 1-9. Klass, D., Silverman, P. R., Nickman, S. (2014).Continuing bonds: New understandings of grief. Taylor Francis. Lindemann, E. (1976). Grief and grief management: Some reflections.Journal of pastoral care. Miles, T. P., Allegra, J. C., Ezeamama, A., Simpson, C., Gerst-Emerson, K., Elkins, J. (2016). In a longevity society, loss and grief are emerging risk factors for health care use findings from the health and retirement survey cohort aged 50 to 70 years.American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine,33(1), 41-46. Naef, R., Ward, R., Mahrer-Imhof, R., Grande, G. (2013). Characteristics of the bereavement experience of older persons after spousal loss: An integrative review.International Journal of Nursing Studies,50(8), 1108-1121. Parkes, C. M. (2013).Love and loss: The roots of grief and its complications. Routledge. Payne, M. (2005). Chapter 8: Social Psychology and Social Construction. In Modern social work theory (3rd ed., pp. 161-180). Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. Ryan, P., Coughlan, B. J., Shahid, Z., Aherne, C. (2013). Older adults' experience of loss, bereavement and grief.Ageing and Older Adult Mental Health: Issues and Implications for Practice, 109. Shear, M. K., Ghesquiere, A., Glickman, K. (2013). Bereavement and complicated grief.Current psychiatry reports,15(11), 1-7. Stephen, A. (2013). 4 Bereavement and older people.Grief, Loss and Bereavement: Evidence and Practice for Health and Social Care Practitioners, 55. Vitlic, A., Lord, J. M., Carroll, D., Phillips, A. C. (2015). Increased Risk of Infection in Bereaved Older Adults: From Broken Heart to Broken Immune System.Advances in Neuroimmune Biology,6(1), 25-30. Worden, J. (2009). Grief counselling and grief therapy: A handbook for the mental health practitioner. (4th ed.). Springer Publishing Company, New York

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Pathophysiology of Sinus Tachycardia-Free-Samples-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Pathophysiology of Sinus Tachycardia. Answer: Introduction Sinus Tachycardia is also called sinus tach and defined as a rate greater than 100 beats/min (bpm) in an average adult. The electrical signals originate in the sinoatrial node (SA) (Abed et al., 2016). There are three types of tachycardia: Sinus Tachycardia Atrial or Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) Ventricular Tachycardia Causes of Sinus Tachycardia Causes of Sinus Tachycardia include: Fever Anaemia Pain Excitement Hyperthyroidism Heart failure Mercury poisoning Kawasaki disease Sepsis Dehydration Hypovolemia with hypotension and shock Pheochromocytoma Pulmonary embolism Acute coronary ischemia and myocardial infarction Hypoxia Intake of stimulants such as nicotine, cocaine etc. Electric shock Drug withdrawal Porphyria Pathophysiology of Sinus Tachycardia Pathophysiology: The pathophysiology of ST is very complex and not well understood. Clinical studies have shown many pathophysiological mechanisms in ST. It is generally accepted that the pathogenesis of ST is multifactorial. Others may include -adrenergic hypersensitivity, abnormal baroreflex activity, regional autonomic dysregulation and M2 anticholinergic hyposensitivity (Abed, Fulcher, Kilborn Keech, 2016) The range of contribution of every mechanism in isolation will remain unknown. Interpretation of rhythm strip of Sinus Tachycardia There are five common variations of sinus rhythm: Normal sinus rhythm (60-100 BMP) Sinus bradycardia (60 bpm) Sinus tachycardia (100 bp) Sinus pause/arrest Sinus rhythm is the normal regular rhythm of the heart set by the natural pacemaker of the heart called as sinoatrial node. It is in the wall of the right atrium. The following table summarizes the key features of Sinus Tachycardia rhythm strip: Rhythm Regular Rate Fast (100 bp) P-Wave It may merge with T wave at very rapid rates PR Interval 0.12-0,20 second QRS 0.06-0.10 second Note QT interval shortens with increasing heart rate There are five steps to identify Normal Sinus Rhythm: What is the rate? 60-120 beats per minute 1. What is the rhythm? Atrial rhythm regular Ventricular rhythm regular 1. Is there a P wave before each QRS? Are P waves uniform and upright? Yes Yes 1. What is the length of PR interval? 0.12-0.20 seconds 1. Do all QRS complexes look alike? What is the length of QRS complexes? Yes 0.06-0.12 seconds Sinus tachycardia Positive P wave in lead 2- impulse initiated in sinus node Regular P-R interval Usually, it is caused by increased adrenergic tone (stress, exercise) R-R interval varies Heart rate: - Increases during inspiration - Decreases during expiration P-wave value: First deviation from the isoelectric line It should be upright and rounded P-wave is the Sa node pacing or firing at regular intervals The questions include: Is P-wave present? Are they occurring regularly? Is there 1 P-wave present for every QRS complex present? Do all P-waves look similar? PR Interval Normal: It measures the time interval from onset of atrial contraction to onset of ventricular contraction (Sinha, D., 2016). Measured from the P-wave to the QRS complex. Normal interval is 0.12-0.20 seconds (3-5 small squares) PR Interval: Are the PR intervals greater than 0.20 seconds? Are the PR intervals less than 0.12 seconds? QRS Complex: The questions include: Are the QRS complexes greater than 0.12 seconds (in width)? Are the QRS complexes less than 0.06 seconds (in width)? Are the QRS complexes similar in appearance across the strip? A sequential beating of the heart as a result of the generation of electrical impulses It can be defined as: Regular pattern: Interval between the R waves is regular. Irregular pattern: Interval between the R waves is not regular. Regular Rhythm: If the interval is less than 0.06 seconds 0r 1.5 small boxes, then the rhythm is considered to be regular. Asking the patient some questions regarding symptoms, carrying out a physical exam and ordering some tests diagnose Sinus Tachycardia Electrocardiogram (ECG) An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) shows the heart's electrical activity as line tracing on paper (Do?an, 2011). The spikes and dips in the tracing are known as waves. There are two ways for ECG interpretation: ECG recorded patterns ECG recorded electrical vectors Electrodes are attached to the patient's skin to measure the electrical impulses given off by the heart. This test also helps to show any previous heart disease that may contribute to the tachycardia. Echocardiogram It is a type of ultrasound investigation (Gascho, 2015). Blood Tests: Blood tests help to determine whether thyroid problems or other substances may be factors contributing to the patient's tachycardia (Marlais, Francis, Fell Rawat, 2011). Holter Monitor Machine: In this patient wears a portable device that records all the heartbeats and it is worn under the clothes and records the information about the electrical activity of the heart (BegumS. Singh, 2012). Cardiac Event Recorder: Cardiac event recorder is a device similar to a Holter monitor, but it does not record all the heartbeats. These are of two types: A phone is used to transmit signals from the recorder while the patient is experiencing symptoms. Cardiac event recorder is useful for diagnosing rhythm disturbances that happen at random moments (Saygi et al., 2016) Electrophysiological testing (EP studies): EP testing is painless, non-surgical that can help to determine the type of arrhythmia. The test is carried out in an EP lab (Maris, 2011). Tilt-table test: If the patient experiences dizziness, or lightheadedness, and neither the ECG nor the Holter revealed any arrhythmias, a tilt-table test is performed. This monitors the patient's heart rhythm, blood pressure, and heart rate while they are moved from a lying to an upright position (Gursul et al., 2014). Chest X-ray: The X-ray images help the doctor to check the state of individual's heart and lungs ("Building a better x-ray analysis ", 2008). Complications of Tachycardia: It depends on several factors: The severity Rate of tachycardia Duration of tachycardia Common complications: Blood clots- This will increase the risk of heart attack and stroke Heart failure Fainting spells Sudden death- generally only linked to ventricular fibrillation Treatment Not required for physiological sinus tachycardia (Zoeller, 2017). Interpretation of pathology tests: Cardiac stresses such as hypotension, fever, anaemia, hypovolemia, thyrotoxicosis, pulmonary embolic, shock leads to Sinus Tachycardia or increased cardiac demands related to myocardial infarction or congestive heart failure. A drug such as atropine, nicotine, isoproterenol, thyroid hormones, and aminophylline can cause sinus tachycardia. It is a no paroxysmal condition and usually presents as an inappropriate high resting sinus rate and a marked increase in rate with minimal activity. Although the mechanism remains undefined, the imbalance between sympathetic and parasypathetic controls are thought to be one of the contributing factors (O'Connor, 2006). The therapy for appropriate sinus tachycardia involves treatment of a primary condition such as infections by antibiotics, hypotension with fluid replacement, and thyrotoxicosis by -blockers and anti-thyroid drug (Nishiuchi, Nogami Naito, 2013). -blockers therapy is the first line of therapy and results in control of sinus and associated symptoms. In patients who are nonresponsive to blockers and calcium-channel blockers, modification of the sinoatrial node with radiofrequency catheter ablation results in slowing of the sinus node. Catheter ablation for sinus node modification deals with the small risk of patients requiring permanent pacemakers. Although sinus node modification has a high initial success rate, there is a high incidence of recurrence (Yedlapati, N., Fisher, J.2014). Sinus node accounts for less than 5% of patients with supraventricular tachycardia. The diagnosis is suggested when the P wave during tachycardia are identical to the P wave in sinus rhythm and have a similar relationship to QRS complex, and further by an abrupt termination of the tachycardia (Bogossian et al., 2014). Sinus node tachycardia can be terminated by intravenous adenosine, verapamil, or blockers. Oral therapy with calcium-channel blockers (Mookerjee Mehta, 2013). The three nursing interventions and specific assessment criteria are: A patient is in sinus tachycardia. Which nursing interventions are appropriate? Observe the patients effects on cardiac function. Administer two readings of acetaminophen (Tylenol) per physician prescription if an elevated temperature is present. If hypovolemia is suspected as the cause, then administer normal saline 0.9% at the prescribed rate of 200 ml per hour. Assessment It uses a systematic, dynamic way to collect and analyse the data about a client, the first step in delivering nursing care. Assessment includes not only physiological, spiritual, economic and lifestyle factors as well. Example: A nurse's assessment of a hospitalized patient includes not the physical causes and manifestations of pain, but the patient's response- an inability to get out of bed, refusal to Eat, withdraw from family members, anger directed at hospital staff, or request for more pain medication (Fonseca, 2012) Abnormal Pathology Result Electrolyte Imbalance: Electrolyte imbalance causes cardiac dysrhythmia. Potassium: Plays key role in both depolarization and repolarization. Causes dramatic ECG changes. High or low levels of potassium in the blood causes heart problems. Sodium: No effect on the cardiac rhythm nor the ECG. Magnesium: Hypomagnesaemia causes atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction disturbances. Why it causes Sinus Tachycardia: As potassium, plays key role in many factors like depolarization which causes ECG changes and causes many problems related to heart. Magnesium helps muscles to contract or relax. It balances the heartbeat. Lack of magnesium results in the speedup of heartbeat. External influences on the heart such as hypotension, fever, blood loss, anaemia and exercise. Many forms of sinus tachycardia is found to be more common among females when compared to males. Impact on the patient (Mrs.Jackson): The patients resting heart rate becomes abnormally high- greater than 100 beats/minute. Sinus tachycardia commonly affects elderly people resulting in a condition called Heart Block,as the faster heart rate happens more frequently and lasts longer as the older one gets. Diagnosis of Sinus Tachycardia: Component Purpose Activities Assessment Collecting, organizing, and documenting client data Establish a database about the client's response to health concerns or illness Create a database: Subjective data (not measurable) ? Obtain a nursing health history ? Review patients records ? Review nursing literature ? Consult health professionals Update data as needed Organize data Validate data Communicate/document data Conclusion: The reasons like exercise, anaemia, fever, hypoxemia, dehydration or shocks etc lead to Sinus Tachycardia (Hutton, 2011). Treatments for tachycardia are designed to address the cause of the condition as well as slow a fast heart rate it occurs, prevent future episodes and minimize complications (Cuneo, B. (2008). Ways to slow a heartbeat includes: Vagal maneuvers Medications Cardioversion Treatments: The following treatments are used to prevent or manage episodes of tachycardia: Catheter ablation Pacemaker Implantable cardioverter Surgery Blood clots preventio References Abed, H., Fulcher, J., Kilborn, M., Keech, A. (2016). Inappropriate sinus tachycardia: focus on ivabradine. Internal Medicine Journal, 46(8), 875-883. BegumS., G., Singh, V. (2012). ECG Data from Holter Monitor. International Journal Of Computer Applications, 47(20), 16-21. Bogossian, H., Ninios, I., Frommeyer, G., Bandorski, D., Eckardt, L., Lemke, B., Zarse, M. (2014). U Wave during Supraventricular Tachycardia: Simulation of a Long RP Tachycardia and Hiding the Common Type AVNRT. Annals Of Noninvasive Electrocardiology, 20(3), 292-295. X-ray analysis machine. (2008). Physics Today. Dogan, N. (2011). ECG analysis in people without any cardiac symptoms and findings. Turkiye Aile Hekimligi Dergisi, 15(4), 173-177. Fonseca, C. 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